绿肥翻压后减肥和基施控释肥对烟叶产质量和土壤肥力的影响

为研究绿肥（豌豆）翻压后合理施用肥料问题,采用田间小区试验,在翻压绿肥的基础上通过减少基肥用量和控释肥代替部分基肥,研究其对烟叶产量、产值和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,绿肥翻压可以提高低有机质土壤（有机质含量<10 g/kg）的有机质含量,对其他土壤化学性质无显著影响;绿肥翻压后将基肥减少15%和30%对烟叶产量、产值无显著影响,对烟叶化学成分无明显影响。在减少15%基肥后,将剩余基肥的50%以控释肥代替,可以显著提高烟叶产量和产值,提高烟叶钾含量和钾/氯比,改善烟叶品质。     

有机肥对土壤特性及农产品产量和品质影响研究进展

施用有机肥是农业生产的重要措施,对绿色农业发展起到积极作用,而且越来越广泛施用。本文介绍了目前有机肥基本概况,重点综述了有机肥对提高土壤肥力、提高作物产量和品质、促进养分利用以及对病虫害发生影响等方面研究的最新进展,分析了当前有机肥施用对耕地质量和农产品安全风险、施肥效率低、以及有机肥品种研发不足、相关质量标准滞后等问题,并对当前有机肥推广应用的形势和发展前景进行了分析和展望。     

脲酶抑制剂与硝化抑制剂对稻田土壤氮素转化的影响

【目的】本研究旨在阐明脲酶抑制剂(urease inhibitor,UI)和硝化抑制剂(nitrification inhibitor,NI)对稻田土壤氮素转化的影响,探讨抑制剂提高稻谷产量以及氮肥利用率的机理。【方法】本试验设在我国南方红壤稻田,共5个处理:1)不施氮肥(CK);2)尿素(U);3)尿素+脲酶抑制剂(U+UI);4)尿素+硝化抑制剂(U+NI);5)尿素+脲酶抑制剂+硝化抑制剂(U+UI+NI);脲酶抑制剂采用N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT),硝化抑制剂采用3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)。在水稻分蘖期和孕穗期测定土壤脲酶活性、硝酸还原酶活性、土壤铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量以及微生物碳、氮的含量,分析NBPT与DMPP对水稻两个主要生育期土壤氮素供应的影响,比较各处理的产量以及氮肥利用率,通过逐步回归分析研究以上各指标对产量的影响,探明脲酶抑制剂NBPT与硝化抑制剂DMPP在稻田的增效机理。【结果】1)与单施尿素相比,添加NBPT以及NBPT与DMPP配施均显著提高稻谷产量与地上部氮素回收率,两个处理分别增产6.56%与8.24%,氮素回收率提高幅度为19.4%与23.7%。2)与单施尿素相比,添加NBPT以及NBPT与DMPP配施,显著降低水稻分蘖期的土壤脲酶活性和铵态氮含量,显著提高孕穗期的铵态氮含量,而对此时期的脲酶活性无显著影响,所有处理对两个时期的硝态氮含量、硝酸还原酶活性、微生物量碳、氮含量均无显著影响;因此,NBPT对于抑制脲酶活性以及提高铵态氮含量的作用主要在孕穗期之前,而单施DMPP没有显著效应。3)从各项土壤指标与水稻产量相关性的逐步回归分析结果来看,水稻分蘖期与孕穗期稻田土壤中铵态氮含量对水稻产量影响显著,而且孕穗期的影响大于分蘖期,其余指标则对产量无显著影响。【结论】脲酶抑制剂NBPT以及NBPT与硝化抑制剂DMPP配施显著提高孕穗期土壤中的铵态氮含量,显著提高稻谷产量以及地上部氮素回收率,证明了生产上氮肥后移的重要意义。     

氮磷减量与液体有机肥配施对膜下滴灌棉田土壤养分的影响

以新疆膜下滴灌棉田为试材,研究氮磷减量与液体有机肥配施对膜下滴灌棉田土壤养分的影响。试验设11个处理:(1)常规施肥(NP);(2)80%常规施肥(80%NP);(3)80%常规施肥+低量氨基酸有机肥(80%NP+LAA);(4)80%常规施肥+中量氨基酸有机肥(80%NP+MAA);(5)80%常规施肥+高量氨基酸有机肥(80%NP+HAA);(6)80%常规施肥+低量黄腐酸有机肥(80%NP+LFA);(7)80%常规施肥+中量黄腐酸有机肥(80%NP+MFA);(8)80%常规施肥+高量黄腐酸有机肥(80%NP+HFA);(9)80%常规施肥+低量沼液有机肥(80%NP+LBS);(10)80%常规施肥+中量沼液有机肥(80%NP+MBS);(11)80%常规施肥+高量沼液有机肥(80%NP+HBS);分别在蕾期、花期、成熟期采集0～20、20～40 cm土层土壤,测定土壤pH值、有机质、氮、磷、钾等有效养分含量。研究结果表明:(1)蕾期时,80%常规施肥配施高量黄腐酸、沼液有机肥显著降低了0～20 cm土层土壤pH值,并对提高土壤速效氮、速效磷含量效果最好。(2)花期时,80%常规施肥配施高量沼液有机肥对提高0～20 cm土层土壤有机质、速效磷含量效果最好。(3)成熟期时,80%常规施肥配施高量沼液有机肥对降低0～20 cm土层土壤pH值、提高土壤有机质含量效果最好。综上所述,新疆滴灌棉田应用80%常规施肥配施高量沼液有机肥效果最好,是新疆滴灌棉田提高土壤肥力和肥料利用率的有效途径。     

长期施肥处理对双季晚稻叶绿素荧光特征及籽粒产量的影响

研究施肥模式对水稻叶绿素含量及荧光参数的调节作用,对提高水稻光能利用效率及籽粒产量具有重要意义。本研究以水稻品种赣929为试验材料,比较长期定位施磷钾肥(PK)、施氮磷钾肥(NPK)、等养分条件下70%氮磷钾肥配合施用30%有机肥(70F+30M)、50%氮磷钾肥配合施用50%有机肥(50F+50M)、30%氮磷钾肥配合施用70%有机肥(30F+70M)条件下水稻叶绿素荧光参数和产量变化特征。结果表明,水稻旗叶叶绿素含量从齐穗期到成熟期呈下降趋势,且表现为30F+70M50F+50M70F+30MNPKPK。水稻叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm随水稻生育期的推进呈降低趋势,其中PK处理Fv/Fm值最低,而施氮处理比不施氮处理Fv/Fm值增加了2.85%～4.18%。叶绿素荧光参数qL、ΦPSII在NPK处理中表现为齐穗期较高, 20 d之后显著降低;在50F+50M、30F+70M处理中表现为齐穗期较低, 20 d以后显著增加;在PK处理、70F+30M处理中一直处于较高水平。NPQ变化趋势与qL基本相反。ETR-PAR光响应曲线拟合结果表明, 70F+30M处理ETRmax、?和Ek值在齐穗期和20 d后值均最高。综合看来,等养分条件下配施30%有机肥具有最优的叶绿素荧光指标组合及籽粒产量;而配施超过50%有机肥由于前期热耗散增大使得用于光合作用的光能份额减少,而施用氮磷钾肥处理则由于后期的衰老使得光能利用效率下降。     

基于不同分析方法研究磷酸根在矿物表面吸附机制的进展

磷素是植物生长必需的营养元素,也是联系生态系统中生物与非生物作用的关键元素。对磷酸根在矿物表面吸附反应机制的深入认识,有助于了解其在陆地和水环境中的形态、迁移、转化和生物有效性。本文主要综述了磷酸根在常见(土壤)矿物表面吸附机制的研究进展。各种分析技术或方法,如OH–释放量分析、Zeta电位分析(电泳迁移率测试)、等温滴定量热法、原子力显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、红外光谱、核磁共振波谱、X射线吸收光谱、表面络合模型、量子化学计算等,均以不同方式揭示磷酸根在不同矿物体系的吸附机制。磷酸根在矿物(尤其是铁、铝氧化物)表面的吸附通常伴随着水基和羟基的交换。一般认为磷酸根在矿物表面主要形成双齿双核、单齿单核内圈络合物,且受pH的影响较大。pH以及磷酸根在矿物表面的吸附密度影响内圈络合物的质子化状态。在低pH、高磷浓度、较高反应温度、较长吸附时间,以及弱晶质矿物吸附等条件下矿物表面吸附的磷可在矿物表面转化形成含磷的表面沉淀,造成矿物溶解转化以及磷生物有效性的进一步降低。最后展望了磷酸盐在矿物-水界面吸附有关的研究热点和方向。     

Integrated rice management simultaneously improves rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in various paddy fields

The hilly area of Southwest China is a typical rice production area which is limited by seasonal droughts and low temperature in the early rice growth period. A field experiment was conducted on three typical paddy fields (low-lying paddy field, medium-elevation paddy field, and upland paddy field) in this region. Nitrogen (N) treatment (180 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) was compared to a control treatment (0 kg N ha^-1 year^-1) to evaluate the effects of integrated rice management (IRM) on rice growth, grain yield, and N utilization. Integrated rice management integrated raised beds containing plastic mulch, furrow irrigation, and triangular transplanting. In comparison to traditional rice management (TRM), IRM promoted rice tiller development, with 7-13 more tillers per cluster at the maximum tillering stage and 1-6 more tillers per cluster at the end of tillering stage. Integrated rice management significantly increased the rice aboveground biomass by 34.4%-109.0% in different growth periods and the aboveground N uptake by 25.3%-159.0%. Number of productive tillers significantly increased by 33.0%, resulting in a 33.0% increase in grain yield and 8.0% improvement of N use efficiency (NUE). Grain yields were significantly increased in all three paddy fields assessed, with IRM being the most important factor for grain yield and productive tiller development. Effects of paddy field type and N level on N uptake by aboveground plants were reflected in the rice reproductive growth period, with the effects of IRM more striking due to the dry climate conditions. In conclusion, IRM simultaneously improved rice yield and NUE, presenting a valuable rice management technique in the paddy fields assessed.     

种植绿肥与稻秸协同还田对单季稻田土壤有机碳库和酶活性的影响

种植绿肥和秸秆还田是稻田土壤培肥的重要措施。研究江汉平原单季稻田冬闲期种植绿肥及稻秸不同利用模式对土壤有机碳库和土壤酶活性的影响,为合理利用秸秆和土地资源提供科学依据。该研究基于3 a田间定位试验,以稻秸不还田不种绿肥(CK1)和不施肥空白(CK0)为对照,分析了冬闲期稻秸全量覆盖单独还田(RSM)、稻秸原位焚烧还田(RSB)、单种绿肥(GM)以及稻秸全量覆盖与种植绿肥协同还田利用(RSM+GM)等处理模式下土壤有机碳各组分含量、碳库管理指数、酶活性的变化及其与水稻产量的关系。结果表明:与CK1和CK0相比,RSB处理3 a后显著降低了土壤稳态有机碳含量,对土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳含量以及碳库管理指数均无显著影响;而GM、RSM及RSM+GM处理3a后显著提高了土壤活性有机碳含量、碳库指数、碳库活度、碳库活度指数和碳库管理指数,尤其是RSM和RSM+GM处理还可显著提高土壤总有机碳含量,且多数指标均以RSM+GM处理增幅为最大,其次是RSM处理。与CK1相比,RSB处理3a后显著提高了过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性,但对土壤脲酶活性无显著影响;而RSM、GM及RSM+GM处理模式3 a后均可显著增加土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,其中RSM+GM处理模式在1 a后即可显著提高土壤脲酶活性,2 a后显著提高土壤过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性,3 a后土壤过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性增幅均是最大。相比于CK1,RSM和RSB处理模式3 a的稻谷增产效果均不显著,而GM和RSM+GM处理模式连续3 a显著提高了稻谷产量,增幅分别为6.88%～11.67%和6.00%～13.40%。相关性分析表明,土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳、碳库管理指数、土壤酶活性与水稻产量之间均呈极显著正相关关系。综上,在江汉平原单季稻作条件下,冬闲期稻秸全量覆盖还田或种植绿肥均可改善土壤肥力,增加作物产量,但前者更有助于土壤有机碳积累,后者更利于作物产量提升。为了兼顾秸秆资源利用、土壤质量改善和作物增产稳产,稻田冬闲期稻秸全量覆盖与种植绿肥协同还田利用模式是一种较好的选择。     

Restricted nitrous oxide emissions by ammonia oxidizers in two agricultural soils following excessive urea fertilization

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Nitrogen (N) fertilizer placement in bands is a widely accepted agricultural practice to increase N use efficiency. An excessive ammonium concentration in a...     

Remediation of saline-sodic soil using organic and inorganic amendments: physical,chemical, and enzyme activity properties

Purpose

Crops grow poorly in saline-sodic soils, and the productivity of these soils can be dramatically improved with proper amendments. Current research mainly focuses on either organic or inorganic soil amendments, whereas few studies address options of combining organic and inorganic amendments. The objective of this study was to develop new organic and inorganic soil amendments which can lower the soil pH, replace sodium, and improve soil structure.

Materials and methods

Polyhalite (PL), microporous potassium-silicon-calcium mineral fertilizer (MF), furfural residue (FR), and fulvic acid (FA) were mixed with four different ratios to produce organic and inorganic soil amendments: PLFR, PLFA, MFFR, and MFFA. And their optimum mixing ratios were determined by comparing the potassium, calcium concentrations, and pH of filtrate after dissolution. Then, a leaching experiment was conducted by packing mixtures (mass ratio of soil to amendment = 219:1, equivalent to 13 t/hm²) of the saline-sodic soil with each one of these amendments plus two contrasts, gypsum (GP), and no amendment (CK). And the remediation effect was compared by pH, EC, ESP, texture, organic recombination degree of clay, saturated hydraulic conductivity, water-stable aggregates fraction, and enzyme (urease, alkaline phosphatase, and catalase) activities of soil.

Results and discussion

After four times leaching experiment, soil treated with PLFR had lower pH and 25.86% lower exchangeable sodium than untreated soils. The water-stable small macroaggregate fractions and saturated hydraulic conductivity of the MFFR-treated soils were significantly increased by 133% and 31%, respectively. Also, the total soil and heavy fraction organic carbons of the soils treated with MFFR in addition to its alkaline phosphatase activity were all significantly higher than the other treatments.

Conclusions

The results revealed that MFFR has more potential as a soil amendment to improve soil structure and quality and thus help in the development and use of saline-sodic lands for agriculture.